How to Grow a Borax Crystal Snowflake

The most effective method to Grow a Borax Crystal Snowflake Do genuine snowflakes liquefy too rapidly? Grow a borax precious stone snowflake, shading it blue in the event that you like, and appreciate the radiance throughout the entire year! This can be made for the time being. Borax Crystal Snowflake Project Experience Level: BeginnerTime Required: OvernightMaterials: Borax, water, pipe cleaner, clear jarKey Concepts: Crystallization, dissolving Borax Crystal Snowflake Materials You just need a couple of straightforward materials to develop borax snowflakes: StringWide mouth container (pint)White pipe cleanersBoraxPencilBoiling waterBlue food shading (optional)Scissors Lets Make Borax Crystal Snowflakes! The initial step of making borax gem snowflakes is to make the snowflake shape. Cut a channel cleaner into three equivalent sections.Twist the segments together at their focuses to frame a six-sided snowflake shape. Dont stress if an end isnt even, simply trim to get the ideal shape. The snowflake should fit inside the jar.Tie the string to the furthest limit of one of the snowflake arms. Bind the opposite finish of the string to the pencil. You need the length to be to such an extent that the pencil balances the snowflake into the jar.Fill the wide mouth half quart container with bubbling water.Add borax each tablespoon in turn to the bubbling water, mixing to break down after every expansion. The sum utilized is 3 tablespoons borax for some water. It is alright if some undissolved borax settles to the base of the jar.If wanted, you may color the blend with food color.Hang the funnel cleaner snowflake into the container so the pencil lays on the container and the snowflake is totall y secured with fluid and hangs uninhibitedly (not contacting the base of the container). Permit the container to sit in an undisturbed area overnight.You can drape your snowflake as an improvement or in a window to get the daylight. Tips for Success Borax is accessible at markets in the clothing cleanser segment, for example, 20 Mule Team Borax Laundry Booster. Try not to utilize Boraxo soap.Since bubbling water is utilized and on the grounds that borax isnt proposed for eating, grown-up oversight is suggested for this project.If you cannot discover borax, you can utilize sugar or salt (may take more time to develop the precious stones, so show restraint). Add sugar or salt to the bubbling water until it quits dissolving. In a perfect world, you need no precious stones at the base of the container. Keeping a Borax Crystal Snowflake Precious stone snowflakes make decent enhancements or Christmas tree decorations. Its conceivable to spare the snowflakes to use starting with one year then onto the next, giving they are put away appropriately. Borax will respond with water noticeable all around to frame a white layer. On the off chance that this is unwanted, the most ideal approach to forestall it to store the snowflakes in a fixed compartment with a desiccant. Tenderly envelop every snowflake by tissue paper or a paper towel.Place the enclosed snowflake by a zipper-top plastic bag.Add a little bundle of silica gel. These are remembered for some items, similar to shoes and gadgets, so a great many people have them. Something else, silica gel globules might be bought at create stores.Seal the pack.

Cultural and Educational Rights in India Essay

As India is a nation of numerous dialects, religions, and societies, the Constitution gives unique measures, in Articles 29 and 30, to secure the privileges of the minorities. The Cultural and Educational Rights is one of the six major rights that have been conceded to us in the Indian Constitution. This privilege permits each resident of India to have a social and instruction up to where that individual needs. This central right is portrayed in the constitution as: Any segment of the residents living in the domain of India or any part there of having an unmistakable language, content or culture of its own will reserve the option to ration the equivalent. No resident will be denied entrance into any instructive establishment kept up by the State or getting help out of State assets on grounds just of religion, race, standing, language or any of them. All minorities, regardless of whether dependent on religion or language, will reserve the option to set up and regulate instructive foundations of their decision. In making any law accommodating the obligatory procurement of any property of any instructive foundation set up and regulated by a minority, alluded to in condition (1), the State will guarantee that the sum fixed by or decided under such law for the securing of such property is, for example, would not limit or revoke the privilege ensured under that provision. The State will not, in conceding help to instructive establishments, oppress any instructive foundation on the ground that it is under the administration of a minority, regardless of whether dependent on religion or language.

Heres SIPAs evaluation criteria COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Heres SIPAs evaluation criteria COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Im often asked what SIPA looks for in a candidate. We answer this question frequently on the Admissions Blog, during information sessions, Twitter Talk Thursdays, and while on the road. Last week I even hosted a Facebook Live session on how you can stand out to the Admissions Committee. If you need some additional application advice, make sure you review our Evaluation Criteria webpage. To save you a click, heres what it says: The Admissions Committee favors candidates with both proven academic ability and relevant work experience. All applicants must submit GRE or GMAT scores. Academic Background Because SIPA’s core curriculum includes economics, statistics, and financial management, the Admissions Committee looks for evidence of a candidates ability to undertake quantitative coursework at the graduate level. There are no specific prerequisites for admission, but the Committee prefers applicants who have completed introductory courses in macro- and microeconomics. (Note: A bachelors degree or its equivalent from an accredited institution is required to enroll at Columbia SIPA.)  Broadly speaking, courses in economics, statistics, and mathematics  will bolster an applicant’s candidacy and provide a helpful foundation for study here. To complete the (optional) higher-level economics sequence requires familiarity with calculus, and even the lower-level sequence assumes an understanding of algebra. Applicants lacking any quantitative background are therefore encouraged to consider enrolling in high-level mathematics courses above all else, and if possible a statistics course as well. To pursue careers in certain fields â€" development economics, quantitative policy analysis, trade, finance, environmental economics, energy policy, and international banking â€" requires an even higher level of preparation before enrolling at SIPA â€" namely, completion of calculus and an intermediate micro- and macroeconomic sequence at the undergraduate or graduate level. Students without an economics background who are interested in pursuing these fields are strongly encouraged to make up this deficiency before applying to SIPA. No particular undergraduate major is required, but those looking ahead to possible study at SIPA can take courses in international relations, political science, foreign languages, and history. Applicants whose fields of study were far from the international relations or public administration fields are advised to address with extra care in their essay why they now wish to “change gears” and study at SIPA. Professional Experience The only truly common thread uniting successful applicants to SIPA is that most have had at least three years of work or internship experience relevant to their intended course of study. Our students come from every corner of the globe, with vastly different professional backgrounds and work experience. But experience at an international relief organization, a government agency, a nonprofit or nongovernmental organization, or a corporation with operations in the international sphere (to name a few examples) will certainly make your application more competitive. Each year, 5 to 10 percent of accepted students come directly from undergraduate institutions. These are individuals with extraordinary academic records who have also had significant internship or study abroad experience. In some cases, recent undergraduates with very strong academic credentials are not offered admission but are encouraged to reapply after they have gained at least one year or more of relevant work experience. P.S. Dont forget that todays the early-action deadline! If  you want an admission decision by January 2017, make sure you submit a completed application by 11:59 p.m. EST.

Soka University of America Admissions Info

Students interested in applying to Soka University of America can use the Common Application or the schools application, which can be found on Sokas website. Additional materials include SAT or ACT scores, high school transcripts, letters of recommendation, and two personal essays. Students with strong grades and test scores within or above the ranges posted below have a better chance of being admitted. Admissions Data (2016) Soka University Acceptance Rate: 38  percentGPA, SAT and ACT graph for SokaTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 490 / 630SAT Math: 580 / 740SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanSAT score comparison for California collegesACT Composite: 26  / 30ACT English: 26  / 33ACT Math: 24 / 29What these ACT numbers meanACT score comparison for California colleges Soka University of America Description Soka University of America does not deliver your typical undergraduate experience. The small university is founded on Buddhist principles of peace and human rights, and all undergraduates work towards a Bachelor of Arts degree in Liberal Arts. Students can concentrate in environmental studies, humanities, international studies, or social and behavior sciences. The curriculum has a strong international focus— students compare cultures of the East and West, study languages, and research world issues. Study abroad is included in tuition, and every student spends a semester exploring another culture. About half of Soka University students come from other countries. Academics are supported by a 9 to 1 student/faculty ratio and an average class size of 13. Dialogue and discussion are the centerpieces of a Soka education, and students can expect lots of close interaction with their peers and professors. SUAs attractive 103-acre campus is located in Aliso Viejo, a Southern California city perched on a mountainside one mile from Laguna Beach and the Pacific Ocean. The campus is surrounded by a 4,000-acre wilderness park. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 430  (417 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38 percent male / 62 percent female100 percent full-time Costs (2016 -17) Tuition and Fees: $31,042Books: $1,592 (why so much?)Room and Board: $11,812Other Expenses: $1,146Total Cost: $45,592 Soka University of America Financial Aid (2015  - 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100 percentLoans: 79  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $32,114Loans: $7,720 Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 94  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 85  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 90  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Soccer, Swimming, Cross Country, Track and FieldWomens Sports:  Soccer, Swimming, Cross Country, Track and Field If You Like Soka University of America, You May Also Like These Schools UC - Irvine: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPepperdine University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of La Verne: Profile  University of Redlands: Profile  University of San Diego: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStanford University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPitzer College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUC - Berkeley: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCSU - Fullerton: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUC - Davis: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphChapman University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLoyola Marymount University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

JACK NEIFT TRUCKING CASE - 5818 Words

Final Paper – Analysis and Recommendations PROJECT MANAGEMENT INTEGRATIVE PROJECT U10A1 JACK NEIFT TRUCKING CASE FINAL PAPER ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TS5930 – Project Management Capstone Professor Dr. Eggersman 1 of 30 Final Paper – Analysis and Recommendations 2 of 30 Abstract Jack Neift Trucking is a small, privately held trucking business that is feeling the impact of a slow economy. Although the company has had a history of profitability, their business needs a more modern and dynamic method of managing their resources. The board has expressed an interest in hiring external IT Consultants to manage a project to modernize logistical and operational systems using state-of-the-art technology. This paper†¦show more content†¦Other important recommendations include the need for an effective risk management plan, the need for a plan for assuring legal, ethical and professional compliance, as well as the strategic business alignment approach opportunities, and recommend strategies to plan, execute and control project activities to assure positive outcomes. Final Paper – Analysis and Recommendations 7 of 30 B. Analysis This section provides an analysis of the approach and techniques used by the Jack Neift Trucking Company and the project team to address the business dilemma as portrayed in the Jack Neift Trucking Company Case Study. 1. Business Challenge The company leadership identified key areas of dysfunction that required correction to close the gap between current and desired state. The board of directors believed that the organization lacked sufficient technology – both logistical and information systems – to overcome their challenges. In order to achieve their vision, the company leadership decided to employ outside consultants to manage the project to implement the necessary improvements. Based on a recommendation from company president Bea Stoveburden, IT consultant Laurie Driver and Project Manager Sal Vation

Women’s right movement Free Essays

As the time past, and more women are educated, they started to think about the equal rights. Women’s status are always lower than men’s status. They did not want to be in this kind of situation any more. We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s right movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore the feminist movement started in the 19th century. The movement began in Europe and America. This is a major turning point in women history, because at this time the idea of liberty and equality just germinated. At this time, women finally challenged the idea that they must always please men. And because of this idea, men always think they are better than women. At the time, women even became the property of men. Men can even abuse women if they wanted to. Of course, it was impossible for women to have any rights. At that time, women always suffered from all those stresses. The situation do not only occurred in the family, but also in the entire society. For example if a woman has the same ability as a man, she would get less payment than a man and for no reason. Sometimes if a man and a woman goes to an interview at the same time, the employ will consider the man first. This is a kind of discrimination against women. That is unfair to the women. In families women always give up their career for husbands and kids and they would take care of them. But men do not sacrifice anything. Without income, some women were looked down by their husbands. Without economic support, women are very frail. Therefore women need to be protected by men. However, men mostly control the society: therefore, it is unfavorable for women to compete with men in this kind of situation. Finally the succeed of the feminist movement established the bright further of women. As a mature and prosperous society women should have exactly same rights as men.! In the present society, citizens have many rights. Such as the right to vote, suffrage right, property right, guardianship, citizenship and so on. These rights ensure our lives’ quality. As citizens own these rights they can have many benefits from those rights. They can be protected by the law and the country. But long time ago women did not have any right. Generally women are much weaker than men no matter from mental or physical. Under the men’s control if they did not get any protection they will be so vulnerable. They did not have any power to revolt. In old China women had no rights , and people believed men are better than women. Therefore they rather have boy than girl. Sometimes if they had a girl they Just kill her or throw her away. At that time, they had to suffer from foot-binding in order to marry a good man. Old China allow one husband have more than one wife, and they treat their wives like slaves. Those things reflected the women’s situation at that time. They can not even chose what kind of life they were going to live. Because men chose them and those women’s future were in men’s hands. As females, we are so lucky that we are born in this time.! In the past women even did not have citizenship. They were belongings to their husbands Juts like items. Some of the women were forced to stay at home for their whole life. They can not go outside. Husbands could asked their wives to do work, but instead husbands would get payment. Women were treated like animals without any humanity. Because they do not consider female as a person. That was so horrible. There is a doggerel in Chinese, the basic meaning is † A husband’s wife is his donkey, you can beat her and ride on her. † Not only husband can do this to his wife. If the fife give birth to a girl, the husband’s parents would not be happy and they can get rid of her if they want to. Women do not have any status in ancient China at all. Of course they would not be considered as a citizen, even a part of the society. To be a citizen the most basic rights are the right to vote, the right to be elected and the right of personal liberty. But at that time they were Just like slaves. To have any rights was like a dream which would never come true for them. Especially for those vulnerable groups without security they Just like a clam without shell. That is why those women get so hard to gain their proper rights. They learn to become powerful, to become stronger, learn how to be independent. We must remember that men and women are spiritual equals† (Galatians 3: 26-29) â€Å"God is no respecter of persons. † (Acts 10: 34-35) He does not play favorites. Faithful women mean Just as much to God as faithful men. (Women’s rights and responsibilities) Now, as the Feminist Movement succeed, more and more women get educated. This made the gap between men and women getting smaller. Now the equality between the sexes became a reality. ! ! Finally in 1918 women got one of the most important rights eight to vote. But it was limited only for women above 30. In 1928 it changed into women above 21 get the right to vote. A Brief History of Women’s Rights Movements) † This was the very first time for women to vote. The event established the succeed of feminist movement in the history of women. In 1946 the United Nations established a Commission on the status of Women. † (wisped) It covered gender equality and the empowerment of women. For such a long time women had been under controlled by men, but now they are free. They really became independent by themselves not only physically, but also mentally. Because they have their own rights now.! ! Later women became legal citizens. They owned citizenship and many other rights. Also they could go outside and work. Two of the most important rights are property right and guardianship. Which means women can have their own property. Also when a couple divorce the woman can have the guardianship to the children as well. These rights make women became more strong, they can be independent without men and have a good life. It is very important for women to have a economy support. If they do not have money, they can not live by themselves. That is why men did not allow women go out to work. Because if they got money, men can not control women any more. That is why it is so important for women to have her own Job. As citizens women can participate in this society and be considered as a part of the society. They are no longer an unimportant role. They became valuable, these made males know they need to treasure them. Otherwise women became powerful enough to protect themselves. Males no longer can hurt females. Also there are laws sets for females’ benefits. Now they can use them to protect themselves from men’s abuse, to like in the old times they have no choice but suffer the rest of her life or commit suicide.! As a citizen, when we own rights at the same time we also own responsibilities to this society. No matter the legal responsibilities or the responsibilities to our families. Those are the things we have to fulfill. Sometimes women have more things to worry about than men. Because men always busy on his work, only focus all his attention on how to make money. Men always think they are too busy to think about ot her things, therefore women have to take care of their home. However, women also need to work. Which means they have to work and take care of home at the same time. They need to worry about those fussy housework, their children’s lives, their parents, cook meals and a lot of other things. But men also have responsibilities to the home, not only about the economic support but they also need to care about the home with love. A good example is children. Almost each family has at least one child. In China there is a investigation and statistics result about the time father spent with child and the time mother spent with child. Everyday a father spent less than an hour with children. More than 0% fathers says they are too busy with their work. About 20% fathers do not realize the importance to spend time with their children. ( ) It is very important for a father to be a good example for a child, but they think their Jobs are more important than their children. Men give up their responsibilities for the family because their Jobs, and give it all to women. Therefore women have take all the responsibilities. But that is a little bit unfair for women because man and woman share a family. If there is any rights or responsibilities they should share instead of push all of them to one of the person.! There are some other responsibilities for women in other ways. In the bible wives are required to respect husband, honor your father and your mother, bring up children. Women are responsible to a lot of things. Therefore they need to work much more harder. Because they love their children so much that they need to spend so much vigor on children, but men always careless and do not care much as women, they would have less things to care about than women. ! Sometimes husband has some trouble during work, as wife she has responsibility to share weal and woe with him. If the husband lose his Job or broke, he wife has to stand out and keep the family. That makes women have to take those responsibilities men did not take but they should take. This is a little bit unfair but that is the reality. ! Women are also has responsibilities in God. In the church women were used as prophets. † This was a public capacity which had been foretold † (Acts 2:16-18). In 1 Corinthians 12:28, prophets were listed second among the gifts. According 1 Corinthians 11: 51 † This was a very important position and women worked at it. † Women are concerned by God more in the ancient time. Because nobody would listen to women’s witness. But when Jesus die and came back to life again. Some women went to his grave to see him. God let those women to spread the message out. That was such an important message. God let the women to told others instead of men. This reflected that God considers men and women as the same. And women also used as teachers. Len John 4:28-29, 39, a women taught men who did not know about Jesus Christ. If they could do it then, they can do it now. Women have the right to learn (1 Timothy 2:11). John 4:9-15 shows us that the Samaritan woman was asking Jesus directly and not one of her five husbands. In the community, women can work.. In Acts 9:36-39, Dorsa made them tunics and worked for the people around her. The picture of a worthy women in Proverbs 31 :12-20, 24 demonstrates that a woman can work! Women can work but they must choose the correct priorities. They will answer to God for what they have chosen Just like men will have to answer to God if they have chosen their careers over the well-being of their family (Proverbs 31:21-23, 28-29). ! ! Women also have the responsibility of loyalty to her husband. Men should not cheated on his wife, also women should not cheated on his husband also. If they cited to live as a family, they have the responsibility to each other and their children. As a women it is not responsible and immorality if she decided to abortion. Because that is murdering. Every baby comes from God’s blessing, God does not give anybody any right to take other people’s life, even it is her own child’s life. Once a woman has physical relationship with a man, she and he both have the responsibility to the baby if they had one. ! In conclusion the personality, life. Status between men and women are equally, no matter men or women. We should not have a sense of discrimination that women re lower than men. We should abandon the old idea about women, such as women belongs to men, women should not go outside to work, women should do all the housework at home and take care of the whole family, women were considered as slaves and so on. The As the time past, women’s status is rising. In a modern society, women are same as men in mentally. Everybody soul is equal in God’s eyes. Nobody is special. Therefore under this situation, men and women should have same rights and responsibilities to the country. Rights and responsibilities are coexisting. Everybody has to fulfill their own responsibilities. They cannot only have rights but do not take the responsibilities. And responsibilities and obligation are respectively. Under these situation the whole society will be prosperous. People will have happy lives. The country will run normally. Everybody would welling to contribute to the society. The country would be prosperous. This is good for the country and good for the people. If women and men all have same status, these will not cause family conflicts. Children will have a healthy circumstance for them to grow up and they will have a correct value. All of these came from the equal rights. There are so many advantages to have equal rights. Therefore no matter what rights men have, women should have as well. A mature society is a mixture. It can not only has men in it, or it can not only has women in it either. Men and women can not live without each other. Because God created us in this way, women is a part of men and men is a part of women. It is same for a couple. In a family, women and men are sharing the same family. Under this situation, they should communicate with each other rather than one control the other. Therefore we should have a sense of men and women are equal at all aspects. How to cite Women’s right movement, Papers

Knowledge Management With Social Media †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Management With Social Media. Answer: Introduction With the modernization of the Global network and the rise of multinational organizations saw the need for competition to prove one as the most reliable and the best. To add further advantages to these Multinational companies, social media plays a vital role in the disseminating of the promotion and the information as well as knowledge sharing, related to these MNCs. Social media like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn has proven themselves as one of the essential tools of knowledge gathering andmanagement (Fuchs 2017). This essay deals with the importance of the social networking and the social platforms in terms of the knowledge management, knowledge sharing, building social capital along with supporting innovations, aiding in the solving of problems, the risk and the benefits of adopting such methodologies in managing MNCs and Small or Medium sized enterprises (SMEs). This essay helps in understanding and analyzing the risks and the benefits of using social media as well as it contribution in the MNCs and the SMEs. Social Media and Knowledge Management In the modernized world, many MNCs have begun the use of Social media as one of the vital strategic tools to support and enable the participation as well as the purpose of knowledge sharing with an objective of strategically expanding the business and its operations (Chua, Alton, and Snehasish 2013). The main concepts of the SECI model, which are fundamental in the management of knowledge, are Socializing and Combination (Mariussen, ge and Seija 2013). In this context it can be explained that the social media enables the employees to use the social media to help them enhance their internal knowledge, understand the relationship between the significance and the deficits related to the knowledge (Razmerita et al. 2014). Social media possesses the potential that facilitates the implicit knowledge sharing that can be useful in understanding and manipulating the business models. Top Singaporean MNCs like NDIVIA and SingTel encourages the use of Social media for the purpose of Knowledge ma nagement. Social Media and Knowledge Sharing Knowledge is an essential element of an organizations resources, which is frequently considered as one of the most vital assets that a firm possesses. Knowledge has been consistently considered as the foundation of a firms competitive advantage and one of the prime drivers of the firms value in the Global network (Couldry 2012). Social media supplies and contributes different types of knowledge as well the overall quality of the knowledge base which can directly or indirectly affect and impact the different categories of the knowledge such as structural knowledge, relational and social capital. The three important characteristics of social media is to enhance or stimulate the learning process. The first characteristic of social media is to help provide the employees in a MNC the opportunities to create their own material or content and share them freely with others. Social media ensures the accessibility of implicit knowledge that can be helpful in the learning process. Social media encourages the established relationships, since strong relationships are important in making the tacit knowledge explicit and weak relationships gives the opportunity to investigate, gather new knowledge and use them. Social media offers the opportunity for a face-to-face interaction that can be synchronized simultaneously with the exchange of learning or knowledge between individuals. In a manner, it can be considered that there is a reciprocal relation between the purpose and the use of social media as well as the degree of knowledge sharing as well as tacit learning within the organization. It can be considered that if many people in an MNC share their knowledge, they will be more inclined to share this knowledge through social media and portals than employees who have little knowledge sharing. Employees who use the social media more often to accomplish their learning objectives and gathering knowledge are more likely to share knowledge through the same medium, in general. The active sharing of knowledge does not only depend on the employees or the individual but it depends on the organization itself as well. In a sense, multinational companies which establishes that their learning no more longer corresponds to the challenges that the organizational culture or workplace environment offers, it adopts the method of reorientation of the organizational culture and the structure to facilitate the sharing of the knowledge to help on better learning and corresponding to the challenges in a new manner. Multinational companies in the current scenario allows the employees a convenient and affordable medium of communication to keep the flowing of the ideas and knowledge (Treem, Jeffrey and Paul 2013) MNCS like ORACLE and KINDLE uses the entire SECI model for the purpose of knowledge sharing, which involves the Socializing, Externalization, Combination and the Internalization (refer to Appendix 1). This model is usually followed in the knowledge creation or gathering process. In terms of organization performance, this model involves the gathering of relevant knowledge from the external source, externalization focus on the action of linking the knowledge and creating new knowledge. The combination, which refers to the process of transforming the knowledge by gathering of the knowledge to give it a form of a constructive learning and the internalization, refers to the application of the knowledge in practical sphere, which in turn broadens the spiral of the knowledge creation (Mariussen, ge and Seija 2013). Social Media and Building Social Capital In the increasingly competitive world, the essence of knowledge gathering and building social capital ensures the multinational organizations to achieve higher competitive advantages and thrive well in the market. The competition comes in form of various ways, which could be either in form of introducing a new piece of technology or investment in the research and the development (Leftheriotis and Michail 2014). Social capital is referred to the functions of network relationships between an individual and one or more social interaction groups. In terms of sociology, social capital is more commonly refers to the capability of the group members to get the things done, whether be it raising funds for a charity, selling some new product or hiring a new member for the organization. In terms of building the social capital trust and generalized helping along with the social norms builds up the social capital. Within the MNCs, the social capital is considered as the belonging to the individuals or small groups who utilize this capital in order to accomplish their objectives. For instance, employees who help in promoting the innovations within a company are considered to accomplish this task through effective utilization of social capital. With reference to the social capital, the MNCs encourages its employees to acquire social capital through actions within the organization, such as supporting members of the organization, providing valuable resources to the organization, such as information or time, or through building friendships within the group which could be influential in solving complicated issues and concerns. Major Multinational Corporations like MEC and Sky scanner, uses the socializing, combination and the internalization concepts of the SECI model that in turn utilizes the social media and other online platforms to generate the social capital. This is achieved by the operation of social and other business blogs that provide important information or tools generously to the targeted community, through the engagement or other activities that are considered benefiting for the community (Mariussen, ge and Seija 2013).. MNCs use this social capital to help spread their message such as through ReTweets, Likes and Shares that create a positive outlook of their brand that ultimately influences the society encouraging them to go for the products which eventually amplifies the sales and the business (Scott 2015). Social Media and Supporting Innovation The concept of Knowledge Management has earned more prominence in the recent years with the emergence of the global market (Arukhe 2014). Companies that adopt KM at an early stage are advantaged with an edge over other companies that are late. However, implementing KM is not enough to guarantee a companys success. Organizations must integrate a set of abilities to capitalize on the use of knowledge, which in turn can be influenced to create new knowledge (Panahi et al. 2012). One of the best ways to share and manage knowledge could be the integration of the SECI model of knowledge creation introduced by Nonaka and Takeuchi in 1995 (Appendix 1). It comprises four phase of knowledge creation. Multinational companies are the leading entities that promote technological innovation. These companies dominate the global market and innovation in particular. The bulk of their investment is targeted on research and development for technological innovation. The social media thus becomes a handy tool for MNCs to enhance innovation and expand business. The social media is the emerging technology that creates its own content, collectively editing, sharing and arranging information and allowing peer-to-peer deliberations. It is in these features of vigor and coetaneous content that perfectly suits knowledge sharing. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest and many more sites are there that boast of a huge number of followers (Scuotto et al. 2017). These followers are the potential customers of the MNCs that can be targeted. It has been revealed through various studies and surveys that MNCs using social media have a higher rate of success than those not using it. It is however, also true that almost every company is utilizing the potential of the social media to expand business. The point of difference between the success and failure is the way social media is managed. A great presence of multinational companies is there in Singapore that has established themselves in the market with the use of social media ("How Singapore Firms Use Social Media To Boost Productivity" 2017). Ego Pharmaceuticals and Ernst Singapore for example, are such companies that have earned good success by the smart use of social media to support and promote innovation. Social Media and Aiding Problem Solving A company goes through various problems that include legal, ethical or other such problems. Blending the SECI model and social media can assist the companies in managing their problems in an easy and quick manner. The first phase of the model is socialization, which refers to the creation of tacit or implicit knowledge through direct sharing of experience. In the context of multinational companies, socialization may refer to the general information received through social networking platforms where numerous users post their opinions (Sashi 2012). This information or knowledge is then passed on to the second phase, which is externalization. Here, the managers of the companies process the implicit knowledge gather further knowledge from external sources such as other companies through Facebook forums or Twitter hash tags to know how those companies tackle with problems and try to combine it with the implicit knowledge thus forming a new knowledge. In the third phase, which is combination, companies organize the implicit and explicit knowledge systematically and implement it on an experimental level to analyze if it is feasible to solve problems. Lastly, in the internalization phase, MNCs learn a bout the strategies and plans proposed by the internal elements that is the employees, to solve the problem facing them (Treem, Jeffrey and Leonardi et al. 2013). Through social groups on apps like WhatsApp or on company groups formed on Facebook, employees together discuss the possible reasons and causes of the problem, examine the implicit and explicit knowledge and then propose a concrete solution. Instances from Singapores stiff market competition and the way certain companies made use of the social media to its full potential prove the effectiveness of the medium. Wacoal Singapore, a lingerie company faced problems when in 2012, the government introduced stricter laws related to lingerie ads in public places. The company launched a campaign on Facebook for iPant, one of its many products that offered good deals to users who clicked through ads on Facebook. This resulted in the rise of fans and customers of the company and that too at a low cost. Another company used similar tactics to resolve issues related to the problem of stiff competition in the market. Home-Fix Singapore, a home solution provider reinvented its plan to go ahead in the race and created a Facebook page with maximized contents. The page had information about simple tricks through which customers can easily maintain their homes without expending heavily on repairs. The result was that the company extended its business and opened Home-fix Experience Center that held workshops and activities related to home solutions ("How Singapore Firms Use Social Media To Boost Productivity" 2017). Risks and Benefits of Social Media: Risks Social media are vulnerable to hacking and employees of any company can be hacked because of their trust on members of a particular group on social media. Fraudulent activities also pose a threat to the use of social media for business Abiding by the privacy laws, ownership of the content, intellectual assets violation and unlawful activities like harassment, denigration and discrimination are some of the legal risks that social media pose to companies ("Forbes Welcome" 2017). Other risks include data collection, operational risks, reputational risks, cost related risks and so on. Benefits Companies nowadays make use of the social media platform to increase brand value. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn together have users that could add up to the formation of a country. Promoting brands in these platforms thus inevitably enhances recognition ("Forbes Welcome" 2017). Posting an ad or an update in social platform requires minimum cost but ensures maximum effectiveness. The humanization element is another significant advantage of using social media. Brands in social media act like people and interact directly with the customers. Social media also increases brand loyalty as more people recognize the brand and share it with others. Recommendations It can be recommended that MNCs should keep in mind, the diversity of a region where they plan to start and expand their business. They should analyze both aspects of the social media and implement it in a way that ensures positive results. Use of social media keeping mind the concept of SECI to improve not only company-consumer relationship but also boost employee performance must be given prominence. It can also be suggested that the MNCs should target the audience for brand promotion by identifying the social media platform. The channel of communication must also be recognized to expand business in multifarious regions. Conclusion Thus, it is evident from the discussion above that it is crucial for the multinational companies to accept social media tactics for both internal and external communication. Knowledge sharing has never been as dynamic as it has become in the age of virtual socialization. Multinational companies in todays world have the best opportunity to use this platform and connect with people beyond cultures and beyond boundaries. References "Forbes Welcome". 2017.Forbes.Com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/joannabelbey/2015/05/21/protect-your-firm-from-the-13-risks-of-social-media/#29811dc9331e. "Forbes Welcome". 2017.Forbes.Com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/08/11/the-top-10-benefits-of-social-media-marketing/#44f30c1f1f80 "How Singapore Firms Use Social Media To Boost Productivity". 2017.Singapore Business Review. https://sbr.com.sg/economy/commentary/how-singapore-firms-use-social-media-boost-productivity Arukhe, James O. "Knowledge management and organizational transformation: A quantitative study." PhD diss., University of Phoenix, 2014. Chua, Alton YK, and Snehasish Banerjee. "Customer knowledge management via social media: the case of Starbucks."Journal of Knowledge Management17, no. 2 (2013): 237-249. Couldry, Nick.Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity, 2012. Fuchs, Christian.Social media: A critical introduction. Sage, 2017. Leftheriotis, Ioannis, and Michail N. Giannakos. "Using social media for work: Losing your time or improving your work?."Computers in Human Behavior31 (2014): 134-142. Mariussen, ge, and Seija Virkkala, eds.Learning transnational learning. Routledge, 2013. Panahi, Sirous, Jason Watson, and Helen Partridge. "Social media and tacit knowledge sharing: developing a conceptual model."World academy of science, engineering and technology64 (2012): 1095-1102. Razmerita, Liana, Kathrin Kirchner, and Thierry Nabeth. "Social media in organizations: leveraging personal and collective knowledge processes."Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce24, no. 1 (2014): 74-93. Sashi, C. M. "Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media."Management decision50, no. 2 (2012): 253-272. Scott, David Meerman.The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons, 2015. Scuotto, Veronica, Manlio Del Giudice, and Elias G. Carayannis. "The effect of social networking sites and absorptive capacity on SMESinnovation performance."The Journal of Technology Transfer42, no. 2 (2017): 409-424. Seebach, Christoph. "Searching for Answers--Knowledge Exchange through Social Media in Organizations." InSystem Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on, pp. 3908-3917. IEEE, 2012. Treem, Jeffrey W., and Paul M. Leonardi. "Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association."Annals of the International Communication Association36, no. 1 (2013): 143-189.

Profile of Christiane Amanpour

Profile of Christiane Amanpour Christiane Amanpour, CNN Chief Intl Correspondent for 20 Years: Christiane Amanpour, one of the worlds most honored broadcast journalists, was CNN Chief International Correspondent for 20 years. Shes also said to be the worlds highest-paid correspondent. On March 18, 2010, ABC News named Amanpour as moderator for its Sunday morning The Week interview program, starting on August 1, 2010. She left CNN after 27 years. An Amanpour report validates a storys importance. Shes often given insider access where other reporters are neither welcomed nor allowed. Shes an authority on Islam with extensive Middle East and worldwide connections. Recently Notable: Commented Amanpour on March 18, 2010, Im thrilled to be joining the incredible team at ABC News. Being asked to anchor This Week and the superb tradition started by David Brinkley, is a tremendous and rare honor and I look forward to discussing the great domestic and international issues of the day. Amanpour was in the Baghdad courtroom on October 19, 2005 when Saddam Hussein made his first trial appearance, and at Husseins initial hearing in 2004. Time magazine has called her the most influential foreign correspondent since Edward R. Murrow. Personal Data: Birth - January 12, 1958 in LondonEducation - From age 11, attended two Roman Catholic all-girls schools in Great Britain. Graduated Summa Cum Laude from University of Rhode Island in 1983 with a BA in Journalism.Family - Married since 1998 to James (Jamie) Rubin, US State Department spokesman under President Clinton; one son, Darius, born in 2000. Growing Up Christiane Amanpour: Born to Iranian airline executive Mohammed Amanpour and his British wife, Patricia, her family moved to Tehran soon after her birth. Christiane led a privileged life in Iran, and then at British boarding schools. She studied journalism in London only because her sister backed out of attending and couldnt obtain a tuition refund. Her family fled Iran, and became refugees, in 1979 during the Islamic Revolution. Shortly thereafter, Amanpour moved to Rhode Island to attend college. Christiane Amanpours Early Career Years: While a student, Amanpour interned at the Rhode Island NBC affiliate WJAR. After graduation, she endured numerous network rejections because she lacked the right look. She eventually landed an assistants job on CNNs international desk in Atlanta. I arrived at CNN with a suitcase, with my bicycle and with about 100 dollars. She was transferred to Eastern Europe in 1986, during the fall of Communism. It was there that her reporting caught the attention of CNN brass. Christiane Amanpour as CNN Foreign Correspondent: Amanpour was elevated to CNN foreign correspondent in 1989, where she reported on democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe. She first attained widespread acclaim for her riveting coverage of the Persian Gulf War in 1990, followed by award-winning reporting of the conflicts in Bosnia and Rwanda. Based in London, shes reported from war zones in Iraq, Israel, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Rwanda and beyond. Shes also secured innumerable exclusive interviews with world leaders. Amanpour Exclusive Interviews, Partial List: 2003 British Prime Minister Tony Blair, French President Jacques Chirac just prior to the War in Iraq2003 Mahmoud Abbas, first Palestinian Prime Minister2002 Palestinian President Yasser Arafat, in isolation in his Ramallah headquarters. (Arafat hung up on her after a shouting match.)2001 Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf during the war against Afghanistan1999 Mikhail Gorbachev on the 10th anniversary of Communisms fall1997 Mohammad Khatami, new President of Iran Awards and Accolades, Partial List: On June 17, 2007, Amanpour was named by Queen Elizabeth as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, which is only one step shy of knighthood. Professional awards include:2000 Edward R. Murrow Award for Distinguished Achievement in Broadcast Journalism2002 Harvards Goldsmith Career Award for JournalismTwo Emmy news/documentary awardsTwo George Foster Peabody Awards for BroadcastingTwo George Polk Awards for JournalismCourage in Journalism Award, International Womens Media FoundationMajor role in two duPont awards and a Golden Cable Ace award given to CNN Interesting Personal Notes: While attending University of Rhode Island, she became friends and shared an off-campus house with Brown University student John F. Kennedy, Jr. They remained close friends until his 1999 death. Christiane Amanpour is described as modest, private and quite magnetic. Her reporting is unfailingly hard-hitting, accurate and insightful. Shes often pictured on-camera sans make-up and in an ever-present, unglamorous flak jacket. She was named 1997 Iranian Woman of the Year. Memorable Quotes: Remember the movie Field of Dreams when the voice said, Build it and they will come? Well somehow that dumb statement has always stuck in my mind, and I always say, If you tell a compelling story, they will watch. I think that as a country that is so powerful, so good in its values, so determined to spread values such as democracy, morality around the world...its absolutely vital...that the people of the United States get a look at whats going on outside. Its our role and its our job to be able to go to these places and bring back stories, just as a window on the world. I remember once doing a live shot from a so-called famine camp in Ethiopia-and actually in Somalia as well. I was showing a man and telling his story and explaining how ill he was, and it was a live camera. All of a sudden, I realized that he was dying. And I didnt know what to do, I didnt know how to break that moment, how to get the camera away, what to do that would not sully what was happening in real life. And then theres always the crying and the weeping that we hear.....children, women, even men. And these images and these sounds are always with me....-...a strange thing has happened, something I never expected. Sadly, (my) marriage and motherhood have coincided with the demise of journalism as I knew it and I dreamt that it would always be. I am no longer sure that when I go out there and do my job, itll even see the light of air, if the experience of my colleagues is anything to go by. More times than I care to remember, I have sympathized with too many of them assigned like myself, to some of the worlds royal bad places. They would go through hell to do their pieces, only to frequently find them killed back in New York, because of some fascinating new twist on killer Twinkies or Fergie getting fatter or something. I have always thought it morally unacceptable to kill stories...that people have risked their lives to get.

Visa J-1 para estudiar la especialidad médica en USA

Visa J-1 para estudiar la especialidad mà ©dica en USA La visa J-1 permite a los mà ©dicos extranjeros graduados en facultades de medicina fuera de Canad y de Estados Unidos estudiar sus residencias o especializaciones en este à ºltimo paà ­s.   Asimismo, esta visa permite a los mà ©dicos de otros paà ­ses ingresar a Estados Unidos para realizar investigacià ³n avanzada en el mbito de la medicina. Es decir, permite adquirir conocimientos clà ­nicos y no clà ­nicos y esta diferenciacià ³n es muy importante como se ver ms adelante en relacià ³n a la regla de los dos aà ±os. Este artà ­culo explica los requisitos fundamentales para participar en este programa de visa J-1 para alien physician. Por ejemplo, quià ©n puede ser patrocinador,   requisitos de certificacià ³n y para solicitar la visa, cambios de especializacià ³n, cà ³mo llevar a la familia y, por à ºltimo, la famosa regla de los dos aà ±os y cundo no aplica o es posible pedir una excepcià ³n. Finalmente, no confundir con el programa distinto de trainee o prcticas  con visa J-1, en el que tambià ©n pueden participar mà ©dicos, ya que las reglas son distintas. Patrocinador de mà ©dicos para la visa J-1 para especialidad o residencia La Comisià ³n Educativa para Graduados Mà ©dicos Extranjeros (ECFMG, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) es el à ºnico patrocinador reconocido por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Y es que de entre todas las visas no inmigrante con las que es posible viajar a Estados Unidos, las J-1 de intercambio tienen, entre sus requisitos, la necesidad de contar con un patrocinador, tambià ©n conocido como esponsorizador, que tiene que estar reconocido oficialmente.   Certificacià ³n de los estudios realizados por los mà ©dicos extranjeros Antes de solicitar la visa, la ECFMG tiene que certificar que el mà ©dico extranjero interesado en una visa J-1 est preparado para participar en un programa de especializacià ³n o investigacià ³n en Estados Unidos. El proceso de certificacià ³n es largo y complejo. Entre los requisitos, ser necesario demostrar los conocimientos mà ©dicos y tambià ©n un alto nivel de inglà ©s, tanto oral como escrito, que se mide mediante los resultados obtenidos en un examen conocido como TOEFL. Tambià ©n es imprescindible aprobar una de las siguientes pruebas: Partes I y II del National Board of Medical Examiners Examinationel Foreign Medical Graduate Examination, Step I y Step IIo el Visa Qualifying Examination (VQE) Todas esas pruebas son gestionadas por ECFMG. Requisitos para solicitar la visa J-1 para mà ©dicos subcategorà ­a alien physician Una vez obtenidos el certificado de la ECFMG y otros requisitos, esta organizacià ³n emite un documento conocido como DS-2919.   Tambià ©n es necesario una declaracià ³n por escrito del gobierno del paà ­s en el que reside el mà ©dico extranjero en el que se afirma que hay una necesidad en dicho paà ­s de doctores especializados en la rama que la que se va a buscar la especializacià ³n. Asimismo, se necesita un contrato u oferta de la institucià ³n en la que se ha sido admitido para realizar la especializacià ³n. Los candidatos extranjeros y los ciudadanos estadounidenses que estudiaron Medicina fuera de EEUU son considerados IMGs. Sus oportunidades durante el proceso que se conoce como Match para ligar candidato con institucià ³n acadà ©mica/hospital son generalmente no tan buenas como las de los graduados en facultades de Estados Unidos, por lo que se recomienda venderse agresivamente con los directores de los programas que interesan para levantar cualquier sospecha que pueda recaer sobre la calidad de sus estudios previos. Una vez que se tienen todos los pasos previos completados, ya se puede solicitar la visa J-1, lo cual se hace en là ­nea completando el formulario DS-160. El tiempo de tramitacià ³n depende del consulado o embajada y tambià ©n de las circunstancias personales del solicitante. Como parte de la tramitacià ³n es necesario pagar la cuota, que no se recupera si la visa no es aprobada. Tambià ©n se pasa por una entrevista en el consulado o embajada y en algà ºn momento del proceso, que varà ­a segà ºn la ubicacià ³n, se tomarn las huellas digitales del solicitante y una foto. Como en todo tipo de visas no inmigrante, las razones por las que puede haber un rechazo de la negacià ³n son muchas, distinguià ©ndose causas que convierten a una persona en inelegible y aquellas que lo convierten en inadmisible.   Si bien en la mayorà ­a de los casos el problema puede surgir porque el candidato no demuestra suficientemente que su intencià ³n no es quedarse en Estados Unidos. Es muy importante poder probar que se va a regresar al paà ­s de origen. Aunque no hay reglas expresas sobre quà © documentos utilizar, es de gran ayuda seguir las reglas generales que se utilizan para este fin cuando se solicita una visa de turista. Visas para familiares para mà ©dicos realizando la residencia en Estados Unidos El cà ³nyuge del solicitante de la visa J-1 y sus hijos solteros que son menores de 21 aà ±os pueden acompaà ±ar al mà ©dico a Estados Unidos. Su visa es una J-2, de dependiente. Para poder solicitarla es necesario solicitar a ECFMG que extienda el patrocinio a estos familiares. Trabajar en Estados Unidos   La finalidad del mà ©dico es especializarse. Para ello obviamente debe realizar prcticas en su campo, por las que ser compensado econà ³micamente. Sin embargo, lo que no puede hacer y est estrictamente prohibido es trabajar fuera del programa. Hacer tal cosa es una violacià ³n migratoria que puede provocar la cancelacià ³n de la visa. Cambios de especialidad mà ©dica Si el mà ©dico con una visa J-1 inicia una especializacià ³n y cambia de parecer y decide que prefiera otra, puede tramitar un cambio de la misma siempre y cuando todavà ­a no tenga completado el segundo aà ±o de la especializacià ³n.   Una vez iniciado el tercer aà ±o ya no es posible ese tipo de cambios. La regla de los dos aà ±os de permanencia fuera de EEUU En principio, los mà ©dicos que participan en un programa J-1 dentro de la categorà ­a de alien physician deben salir de Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os y residir en otro paà ­s durante ese tiempo. Esto NO quiere decir que no puedan viajar a USA   como turistas, quiere decir que no pueden obtener una visa de trabajo de la familia H o de la L o una green card. Esto afecta incluso a las personas casadas de buena fe con un ciudadano americano. En principio, les aplica esa regla. Pero hay excepciones. Por ejemplo, no aplica a los mà ©dicos cuya labor en los Estados Unidos fuera de investigacià ³n, observacià ³n o enseà ±anza y no tuvieran un contacto directo con pacientes. Adems, es posible pedir un permiso conocido como waiver para que no aplica esa regla. Requisitos para la waiver de los dos aà ±os Son 4 las posibilidades para pedir la waiver a la regla de residir dos aà ±os fuera de Estados Unidos al finalizar este programa: Que el Departamento de Salud de uno de los estados solicite una waiver a nombre de un mà ©dico determinado. Hay un mximo de 30 por estado por aà ±o fiscal. Es lo que se conoce como el programa Conrad 30 waiver.Que una agencia del gobierno solicite la waiver.Que se dà © la circunstancia de que si el mà ©dico retornase a su paà ­s de origen que pudiera ser perseguido por razà ³n de su raza, religià ³n u opiniones polà ­ticas.Que estuviera casado con una persona ciudadana americana o residente permanente legal o que tuviera hijos con esos estatus y si el mà ©dico o la doctora tuviera que salir de Estados Unidos se producirà ­a una situacià ³n de extrema dureza para el familiar ciudadano o residente. Opciones para trabajar en USA como mà ©dico al finalizar la especializacià ³n   Tras finalizar el programa y cumplir la regla de los dos aà ±os, si se est obligado a cumplirla, -recordar que los mà ©dicos no clà ­nicos no estn sujetos a ella-, se puede obtener una visa de inmigrante (green card) o una de trabajo. Los mà ©dicos pueden visas L-1 de transfer o H-1B para profesionales. En cuanto a las green card, existen varios caminos para obtenerlos, incluidas las de por razà ³n de trabajo incluyendo la categorà ­a de extranjero de habilidad extraordinaria y la de residencia con waiver por razà ³n de interà ©s nacional. Tener en cuenta que en estos momentos est paralizada la opcià ³n que permità ­a a los doctores interesados en prestar servicio en el Ejà ©rcito a travà ©s del programa  Mavni, que abrà ­a las puertas a la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a de un modo inmediato. Finalmente, los mà ©dicos se encuentran entre los profesionales mejor pagados de Estados Unidos, si bien hay notable diferencia segà ºn la especialidad, aà ±os de prctica e, incluso, ubicacià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Safety net and layoff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Safety net and layoff - Essay Example Well, there are two economic perspectives on this issue. The first perspective argues that by increasing the support for people without jobs those with low incomes will decrease their incentive to find jobs. Others argue that more generous the government is the more incentive for the unemployment to find jobs. Government has become more generous with social safety net in many ways. A bonus was added to unemployment checks, people were offered subsidies to pay for their health insurance, food-stamp benefit levels were increased, and were available in situations in which they were formerly unavailable and states were granted waivers from program work requirements. This perspective is in line with the Keynesian school of thought which is based on the concept that in order for an economy to grow and be stable, extreme government intervention is required. This will make people have less motivation to find a job, and will shift the aggregate supply of labour to the left as shown in the diagram below. The advantages of unemployment benefits affect everyone. Benefits help individuals and family to have the necessities to live and help them throughout periods of unemployment. The unemployment benefit will result in an increase in consumption and that affect the general economy shifting the AD to the right as shown in the diagram below. The disadvantages of benefits are for business and the society as whole. As unemployment increase, government will need to give more unemployment benefits, and the government get the money for increasing taxes and/or reallocating their spending from one sector to another. Thus businesses and society will not be in favor of the unemployment benefits. While economists seek to find whether or not the government should be generous with social safety net and what is the effect of that on unemployment job seeking they often fail to notice the effect of the safety net on the

Describe the scientific method of research. Identify the key Essay

Describe the scientific method of research. Identify the key components, providing examples of each. Provide support for your answer - Essay Example The research method is also objective and is conducted within strict scopes that can facilitate such objectives. This feature further identifies rules that are associated with applicable research methods and restricts a researcher’s activities and behavior. The method of research is also characterized by an empirical approach in which knowledge is developed from evidence that is analyzed towards conclusions. The communicated findings from a scientific research therefore assume a high level of validity and reliability. Further, scientific method research is â€Å"systematic and cumulative,† demonstrating a level of orderliness and interconnectivity with each other (Wimmer and Dominick 13). A scientific research for instance, relies of previous studies in its field, for review of existing knowledge towards identification of information gap and statements of the involved problem. It is also important to note that the scientific method of research offers a basis for forecas ting into future trend, based on its reliance on past data sets (Wimmer and Dominick 13). The systematic approach of scientific method of research identifies key components of the research. The first component of a scientific method of research is the research title that communicates the involved subject matter and is in most cases a summary of the entire research process. ‘Investigating significance of the social media in marketing’ is an example of title and it describes the scope of the involved research. The second component is an abstract that offers an overview of the research’s components by summarizing other components of the research. Introduction is another component of the research and includes literature review, problem statement, purpose of the research and research hypothesis or questions or both. Literature review forms the major component of the introduction and defines an analytical report on

Retail pharmaceutical industry and its challenges

Retail pharmaceutical industry and its challenges In times of global economic recession, retailers will need to be more vigilant in meeting consumers demands to remain viable in the ever more competitive market. Retail pharmacy in Malaysia are faced with unique set of challenges deriving from historical past and cultural practices to consumers lifestyle changes. Therefore there is a need for retail pharmacy operators to re-evaluate existing marketing plans by means of understanding current market condition and observing future trend. Then recalibrate their marketing plans and strategies to reposition themselves securely in the market. 1.1 Objective The report aims to provide an overview retail pharmacy industry and evaluate factors that propel and restrain the market, government policies, sales trends, potential growth and market outlook. Challenges related to the pharmaceutical retail sector will be outlined and assessed, and insights into marketing plans being deployed to tap into available market opportunities in Malaysia will also be discussed. 1.2 Overview : Retailing in Malaysia Malaysia retailing environment has undergone a continuous and marked change over the years. The nation has been classified by the World Bank as a upper-middle income country with middle-income household making up more than 50% in 2007. Between 2004 and 2005, according to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, on an average, the urban household spent 1.8 times more than its rural counterparts that is about USD 735 (MYR2,285) monthly and USD 428 (MYR1,301) monthly respectively. By 2015, according to UN data, the urban population is forecasted to account for approximately 76% of the total population (Euromonitor 2010). Retail sales will likely benefit from this. According to Q4 BMI Malaysia Retail Report, it projected that retail sales will increase from USD 43.65 billion (MYR 153.76 billion) in 2010 to USD 71.44 billion (MYR 251.63 billion) by the end of the forecast period. The key factors supporting this forecast is due to low unemployment rate, rising disposable incomes and a strong tourism industry. BMI forecasts Over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceutical sales to grow from USD 404million in 2010 to USD557million which translates to 38% increase therefore elicit a positive effect on retail pharmacy. 1.2.1 Retail Pharmacy in Malaysia Malaysia total healthcare expenditure in 2009 exceeded USD 7 billion Figure 1.0, and is projected to surpass USD 10 billion by 2020. Malaysia ranks fifth among the Asian nations in terms of healthcare expenditure and is projected to grow approximately 13% yearly (Frost Sullivan 2008). Retail pharmacy sector contributes 17% of the total expenditure only due to restrictions pertaining to government policies, profession workforce, and population perception. The retail pharmacy sector can be described using organization size and product/service mix criteria. Sole units are comprised primarily of independent pharmacies, usually owned by pharmacists. Multiple-unit pharmacy organizations, or chains, can be divided into small chain and large chain (e.g. 30 or more units). Besides organization size, the retail pharmacy sector can also be characterized by the product/service mix of the organization. Some traditional categories include, supermarket (e.g. AEON), and, beauty and healthcare stores (e.g. Guardian, Watsons). Pure drug store is virtually non-existent in the Malaysian retail pharmacy sector because pharmaceutical products can be sold and dispensed by medical practitioners as well pharmacists. Consequently, this policy does not encouraged the setting up of pure drug store in Malaysia. Therefore, current retail pharmacies stores usually offer both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical product/services to maintain viable in the market. The major players in the Malaysian retail pharmacy scene are large multinational corporations such as GCH Retail (M) Sdn Bhd and Watsons Personal Care Store whereas local companies include Caring Pharmacy and Trustz Pharmacy, and a plethora of small independently operated pharmacies Figure 2.0. In 2009, the multinationals, GCHs Guardian and Watsons collectively dominated 54% of the total market share whilst 46% was divided among local retail pharmacies as shown above (Euromonitor 2010). Generally experienced in dealing with large industries, these multinational corporations compared to the domestic counterparts, have the experties in handling processing, packaging, logistics, inventory management etc. In addition, they have the advantages of economies of scale, retailing of in-house brand, increase in market profit and share, and wider discount parameter for retail healthcare products. 2.0 Current Market Status 2.1 External and Internal Factors Influencing Retailers Marketing Strategies The spillover from the subprime mortgage crisis has badly affected the global economies and Malaysias economy has not been spared too. In 2009, retailing current value growth (CVG) showed a decreased compared to 2008 but still at a positive pace (Euromonitor 2010). In 2010, real GDP growth is expected at 5.7% supported by stronger exports. Increased spending by private consumers as a result of improving labour market conditions will soon strengthen domestic demand (Euromonitor 2010). GDP forecast was reevaluated in May 2009 from 4% to 5% (Euromonitor 2010). Though consumer confidence dwindled, spending on health care continues to be a priority within the consumers household as seen in Figure 3.0. Consumers are still willing to spend a little bit more during promotional period or turned to cheaper alternatives such as mid-priced/economical in-house brands or generic medications. Ongoing urbanization trend, higher education levels and better living standards have generated greater interest among consumers regarding self-medication. This further strengthened the importance of retail pharmacy stores as consumers are able to acquire OTC healthcare, nutritional products and prescription drugs from them. Overall trend of the retail pharmacy sector is gearing towards the sales of generics and OTCs. Profit derives from generics is generally higher compared to branded/innovator products (Shafie Hassali 2008). However, sales of non-prescription products such as OTCs, TCMs, vitamins and supplements are still the main contributor to the retail pharmacys revenue at 79%. Having said so, retailers still need to employ different marketing strategies to distinguish themselves from existing competitors and attempt to reposition themselves as market leaders some successful while some struggled. Strategies pertaining to each of the different type of organizations will be further discussed as follow: 2.2 Strategies Employed by Multinational Corporation The multinationals such as Guardian and Watsons have taken a broad spectrum approach by attempting to diversify from traditional dispensing services common to the concept of a pharmacy, into a wider market segments such as general health and beauty care. The retailers responded by engaging in regular promotions and extended sales period to encourage spending and offering a combination of both pharmaceutical services with beauty care. Rapid expansion strategies undertaken by leading chained retailers resulted in a substantial escalation in the chained store numbers in the nation. 2009 saw a slight improvement in the average selling space per outlet of beauty and health specialist retailers especially in larger shopping malls than standalone establishments. Survey has shown that these are the places where the crowd/consumers prefer. Variety in choices/shops and competitive price products are some of the factors that attracts them. Most beauty and health specialist retailers launch their retail chains in Klang Valley. This is largely due to greater purchasing power among urban consumers. Nonetheless, beauty and health specialist retailers are also expanding outside Klang Valley in order to serve the rising population and growing purchasing power of consumers in East Malaysia and secondary states. Launching of budget in-house brand is to cover a wider range of consumer segment. 2.2.1 Guardian : Target Market, Product Services, and Promotion GCH Retail (M) Sdn Bhd is a wholly-owned subsidiary of a Hong Kong based Dairy Farm International Holdings Ltd. It is 78% owned by the Jardine Matheson Group, which is listed on the FTSE Stock Exchange and also listed on the Singapore Straits and Bermuda Stock Exchanges (Euromonitor 2010). In Malaysia, the company is involved in the operation of Guardian pharmacy, Cold Storage supermarket and Giant hypermarket outlets. In 2009, as a result of its aggressive expansion, 20 new Guardian outlets were added, and promotions including daily specials has boosted the companys pharmaceutical market share to 35% Figure 2.0, occupying the largest portion of the retail pharmacy market segment. Guardian retailing format is gradually becoming popular in Malaysia. For instance, Guardian spearheaded the concept of  modern retail pharmacy by providing professional consultation and service by registered pharmacists, plus holistic health and personal care solution. In response to the Malaysian governments support initiatives designed to spur small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia, most of Guardian in-house brands are source and manufactured locally. Therefore, it is able to offer quality products at very affordable price targeting at all consumer segments and is expected to continue to source and develop wider products range. Guardian is aggressive in promoting its in-house brand products by advertising and promotions. For instance, Guardian dedicated half a page or full-page advertisements in their in-store brochures or leaflets for their in-house brand products. GCH Retails share of in-house brand products has been growing steadily largely due to developing brand recognition as well as the wider range of items available. External and Internal Analysis (Guardian) External Internal Threats Economic slowdown Decentralized marketing function: inconsistent brand image Weaknesses Retracted consumer spending Increased rivalry between competitors Opportunities Import/Export: Malaysian Ringgit vs Hong Kong Dollar Good management: able to respond to market change Strength Change in consumers spending pattern Both external and internal factors how the company decides to operate. The external factors will be same for all market players. 2.2.2 Watsons : Target Market, Product Services, and Promotion Watsons Personal Care Stores (WPCS), being the largest beauty and health retail chain in Asia, is a subsidiary of the AS Watson Group based in Hong Kong and wholly owned by Hutchison Whampoa Ltd. WPCS has been in Malaysia since 1994 and is considered one of the most accomplished personal care chain stores (Euromonitor 2010). Following the successful merger and acquisition of Apex Pharmacy Sdn Bhd in Jun 2005, WPCS has 211 outlets nationwide. In 2009 due to its extensive stores expansion and merger , its pharmaceutical value share managed to increase to 19% Figure 2.0 of the entire pharmaceutical retailing in Malaysia.WPCS still remains the largest community pharmacy retail chain in Malaysia. To support and reinforce its image positioning Watsons employs promotional pricing, selling list prices then running price-off sales periodically, continuous marketing efforts and promotions such as television advertisements, complimentary beauty and health information to consumers, and storewide 20% discount campaign. Moreover, WPCS products are competitively priced and carry quality in-house brand products which are usually cheaper by 20% to 25% below manufacturers brand in the same product range. Its in-house brand lines consist of a large proportion of skin-care products, hair care, OTC healthcare products, toiletries, bottled mineral water, electrical items designed to meet the needs of the mass consumers . To further promotes its in-house brands, it has dedicated more shelf space in-store for them. Coupled with growing brand recognition and wider range of products to cater for all segments of consumers, this marketing trend may continue in future. External and Internal Analysis (Watsons) External Internal Threats Economic slowdown Over expansion resulting in dissipated consumer services Weaknesses Retracted consumer spending Increased rivalry between competitors Opportunities Import/Export: Malaysian Ringgit vs Hong Kong Dollar Extensive outlet coverage nationwide Strength Change in consumers spending pattern 2.3 Strategies Employed by Small Retail Phamacy Marketing model of smaller retail pharmacies focus on establishing good rapport with its customer base by providing individually customized pharmaceutical services for their clients according to their needs and wants, Furthermore, they also provide extended after working hour services for the convenience of their customers, to access to pharmaceutical items and advice. Loyalty marketing is also introduced to maintain or expand their customer base in light of even more competitive environment. This model is gaining popularity in Malaysia and is already established in Europe, Australia and Canada. Specialized services exclusive to pharmacy such as pre-packed dosettes medications (to ensure better compliance to medicine), insulin dose adjustments for uncontrolled diabetes management and methadone replacement therapy for heroin dependent patient, targeting a unique consumer segment is gradually incorporated into their marketing plans. 2.3.1 Caring : Target Market, Product Services, and Promotion Caring Pharmacy Sdn Bhd is a group of pharmacies under one banner collectively shares the same supply and inventory management similar to that of chain stores, however each outlets are independently owned and operated by pharmacists. Caring Group currently have 46 registered pharmacists operating 40 outlets in Klang valley. Therefore giving the Group the highest number of pharmacist to outlet ratio among retail pharmacy operators in Malaysia. With market share of 12% in 2009 Figure 2.0, Caring is fast emerging as one of the most established local community retail pharmacy. Providing extended hour services from the early hours up to midnight proved to be a potent marketing strategy in establishing its market share as it provides time flexibility to consumers. Caring offers professional consultation by registered pharmacists on uncomplicated ailments and medication management solutions such as pre-packed medications for consumers convenience. The group has been actively promoting its pharmacist consultation service. For instance, public awareness talks by pharmacists on health topics such as hypertension, diabetes, weight-management etc. are frequently organized. Launched in 2006, the first pharmacy reward program as a points accumulation and gift redemption card with Malaysias premier multi-party loyalty program BonusLink, enabled Caring to establish closer contact with their regular clients. External and Internal Analysis (Caring) External Internal Threats Economic slowdown Too focused on domestic/localization growth Weaknesses Retracted consumer spending Increased rivalry between competitors Opportunities Change in consumers spending pattern Good corporate core value: pharmacist service for all consumer segments Strength 3.0 Marketing Strategies 3.0 Strategic Recommendation For the Retail Pharmacy Industry Global economy remained sluggish in 2009, likewise in Malaysia. Even though consumer spending has retracted in Malaysia, where healthcare is concerned, consumers are still spending. Retail pharmacy registered an increment in sales of 0.2% for 2009 against 2008 Figure 3.0. 3.1 Marketing Mix Strategy Target consumers Promotion mix Sales promotion Advertising Sales force Public relations Direct online marketing Offer mix Product Services Prices Adapted from Marketing: An Introduction from an Asian Perspective ( Kotler et al. 2006) 3.2 Target Consumers : Population Demographic Outlook and Lifestyle Trend According to United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, in 2007 Malaysias population was just over 27 million and by 2015 it will be more than 30.7 million. In addition, nearly 60% of Malaysian is below the age of 30 in 2007 (Euromonitor 2010). Needs and wants of consumers changes with age. Marketers must use different marketing approaches for different age and life-cycle groups. The mature segment of the population in Malaysia, are usually relatively established in terms of financial, family and home and more aware of their health status. Marketers needs to woo this segment consumer by employing positive images and appeals. This segment will be the key buyers of medical and health-related products and services, including pharmaceuticals and OTC drugs, vitamins and dietary supplements, health drinks and medical equipment. While there will be new emphasis on products for mature consumers, younger consumers will still remain a potent force since they made up half the population in Malaysia by 2015. They are more savvy, health conscious and more willing to try new products thus exercising significant purchasing power and driving continuing demand for the wide range of youth oriented products. Hence, this will spur demand for core healthcare products and influence sales in tangential sectors such as food and beverages, and healthcare services. 3.3 Offer Mix : Product Portfolio Adjustment and Pricing Tactic 3.3.1 Product Portfolio Adjustment Consumers remained largely loyal to established brands mainly because these brands are trusted names that consumers used to purchase or are just comfortable with its effectiveness. Coupled with strict registration requirements in Malaysia for all medicines, either branded or generics, in-house brand is unlikely to perform well in certain healthcare lines such as oral analgesics, cough, cold and allergy but may do well in other health product category. For example, in-house brand such as wound care, vitamin and supplements are projected to grow due to regional disease outbreak and economic slowdown. As living costs, including healthcare costs increases, consumers will be more adventurous to try out economical in-house brand products and self-medicate. Using the pull and push marketing strategy, potential consumers will come to understand the helpfulness of vitamins and dietary supplements as preventative measures against environment, diet, importance of taking balance nutrition and age-related ailments such as joint and back pain, immune systems, osteoporosis etc. Personal selling and sales promotion will be expected to heightened awareness of in-house brand products. Marketers need to expand their consumer healthcare product ranges in order to maintain competitive in the market. Figure 4.0 shows that in-house brand product line will continue to grow. Therefore, marketers should focus on marketing in-house brand products such as topical analgesics, antipruritics, other wound treatments, vitamins and dietary supplements, that enjoy strong demand. 3.3.2 Pricing Tactic Consumers will be shopping around for the best deals. It is not necessary for retailers to cut list prices, but may offer more short termed price promotions, lower quantity threshold discounts, provide credit to long-standing customers, and more aggressively price smaller pack sizes. In tough times, price cuts attract more consumer support than promotions such as mail in offers and sweepstakes. 3.4 Promotion Mix : Conventional Advertising and Online Marketing 3.4.1 Conventional Advertising Despite the growth of electronic communications, printed newsletter and television still play an important role in Malaysians daily life and their pursuit of information and entertainment. As shown in Figure 5.0, printed adspend dominated 54% followed by television adspend at 37% of the total adspend respectively for the year 2009. Major newspapers include three English-language dailies, two Malay-language dailies, five Chinese-language dailies, and two Tamil-language dailies. The Malaysian has a wide range of magazines covering lifestyle, fashion, business, and special interest topics such as fishing, motoring, health and wellness and childcare. Magazines in Malaysia are usually published on a fortnight or monthly basis and are available via subscription, at retail outlets, convenience shops and small grocery stores. Although there seems to be a slight plateau Figure 6.0, conventional printed media will still be the medium of choice currently to disseminate promotional information for pharmacy retailers. 3.4.2 Online Marketing The internet has had a significant impact on Malaysia over the past several years. The number of internet users grew from nearly five million users in 2000 to more than 12 million users in 2007, reflecting growth of 144%. Just as significantly, the household penetration rate of personal computers in Malaysia increased from 13.5% in 1995 to 34.7% in 2007. Tethered with such growth, online adspend recorded 72% spike growth from 2007-2009, and is expected to continue capturing readership share at the expense of printed media, in-line with household penetration rate of internet enabled computers increases in Malaysia. Mobile advertising will be in vogue as internet handheld devices gains market penetration, particularly among the younger population. Advertising platforms such as Apples iAd is a prime example of cutting-edge mobile advertising where advertisements are not just informative but interactive as well. Advertisements of this kind, can be updated real time by retailers with short-term sales promotion similar to Malaysia Airlines lunch-hour flight deals or provide interactive online shopping experience, will revolutionize conventional concept of promotional advertising. Pharmacy retailers can tap into this market and formulate marketing plans unique to loyal mobile shoppers. Conventional in-store consumers are bombarded with too much product information creating confusion thus delaying purchases. Retailers and manufacturers should collaborate to satisfy consumers needs such as using attractive colors and creating simplistic product packaging to facilitate consumers search for healthcare products. Hence, online advertising and internet retailing is expected to increase. This will have an impact on how retailers attempt to reach Malaysian consumers and, in a less significant but growing way, on how Malaysians shop. 4.0 Conclusion Consumers in Malaysia are changing their healthcare shopping behavior in various ways. While many opted for other more economical retailers, there are some who remained loyal to their preferred retailers. They are more comfortable in seeking out deals and using coupons, and will purchase both in-house brands or branded products whichever provides the best value. Definition of value is also changing. Previously, value is often perceived as quality and options, but now this is synonymous with price, value will mean that consumers get what they want at the best possible price. Pharmacy retailers can capitalize on consumers needs by providing increased personalized marketing and shopping experience. Consumers are also seen shifting towards meaningful and unique shopping experience, particularly in purchasing healthcare items. 4.1 Consumer In Charge Consumers know what they want and many will go the distance in search of the best offers; some consumers, due to their lifestyle fluidity simply require products that satisfy their needs. By giving consumers multiple product choices at different price and benefit levels, brands especially in-house brand, can be capitalized by using different marketing strategies to make them to stand out from the crowd. Mobile shopping, will be the next frontier for retailers to venture into as on-the-go consumers will emphasize on shopping convenience and speed of transactions. 4.2 Retailers Diversity and Rebrand to Stay Relevant Pharmacy retailers diversifying into in-house product line need to factor in consumers shopping preference on established branded healthcare products when formulating in-house product marketing plans. Many consumers maintained loyalty to established brands due to familiarity to a product or confident with its effectiveness. New and improve in-house product lines with convenience in mind such as topical analgesics and sachet digestive remedies, will appeal to consumers particularly the younger customers. Retailers may need to revamp certain product lines with new design, improve in-house brand offers and promote them with a compelling ad-campaign, to appeal to target consumers. 4.3 Future of Retail Pharmacy in Malaysia Retail pharmacy landscape is shifting largely attributed to economic changes, the growth of online retailing and more recently mobile commerce. With increasing use of smart handheld devices in Malaysia, mobile advertising and commerce is projected to grow substantially. Retailers will have to employ a multi-channel marketing approach. Online retailing will provide a platform for retailers to disseminate unique and targeted product offers for consumers to research, plan their shopping trips and ultimately attract consumers into stores. Consumers will also look for premium service coupled with simplified shopping experience in terms of product availability and ease of locating the products. Now more than ever, consumers are becoming more sophisticated and informed in making choices.They desire to know the origin of the product, what they are made of and how their lives can be improved with them. In general, future consumer wants a simplified, personalized and meaningful shopping experi ence with a focus on value. In summation, regardless of the organization size and retail focus, marketers must have the foresight to recognize change and take advantage of it by shifting its resources in line with market trends.

Individualism and Happiness

Pursuit of Happiness Happiness is not one thing; it means different things in different places, different societies, and different cultural contexts. There are multiple â€Å"pursuits of happiness†. It's impossible to define â€Å"happiness†. It's left to each of us to define what â€Å"happiness† is. Happiness cannot be achieved in minutes it comes from the pursuit of happiness, Working towards and achieving goals. Pursuit of happiness differs from person to person and from culture to culture. Diener and his colleagues (Diener et al. 2003) believe life evaluations are important to the quality of life in all societies because it is hard to imagine either a good life or a good society without a positive sense of SWB (positive psychology pg114). However, they argue that every culture has set values, and goals that people use to evaluate their happiness. Culture refers to beliefs, social norms, religious background, these characteristics shared by people in a place and time for everyday existence. Understanding the culture differences will allow you to understand the differences in of happiness.For the most part each culture has certain values and goals that are looked upon to be the acceptable norm for happiness and that is how happiness is measures. The media, parents, schools, peers influence the way people think, act, and feel towards a successful life. The general population that surrounds you influences people's ideas about the meaning of happiness and how to achieve it. Comparing the traditional American perspective on happiness with the traditional Asian perspective on happiness, by cultural and historical factors that contribute to happiness.Americans are individualistic culture which means the people are primary focus is that of themselves and their immediate families. In contrast to Asians, which are, collectivistic cultures, where the members are concerned more with the well being of the group rather then their own well-being. On a verage, people living in wealthy nations are happier than those living in less wealthy nations. The untied States is near the top of the income measure, 6th in life satisfaction. Japanese like and have high income, but only moderate in subjective well-being.China ranks very low on income measure and higher then Japanese in subjective well being measure. Over the past 25 years, history of international surveys have not changed the ranking have been quite stable. | Asia collectivist culture characteristics traits: * Each person is encouraged to be an active player in society, to do what is best for society as a whole rather than themselves. * The rights of families, communities, and the collective supersede those of the individual. * Rules promote unity, brotherhood, and selflessness. Working with others and cooperating is the norm; everyone supports each other. * As a community, family or nation more than as an individual. * United States Individualism cultures characteristics traits : * â€Å"I† identity. * Promotes individual goals, initiative and achievement. * Individual rights are seen as being the most important. Rules attempt to ensure self-importance and individualism. * Independence is valued; there is much less of a drive to help other citizens or communities than in collectivism. * Relying or being dependent on others is frequently seen as shameful. People are encouraged to do things on their own, to rely on themselves. * The stereotype of a ‘good person' in collectivist cultures is trustworthy, honest, generous, and sensitive, all characteristics that are helpful to people working in groups. In contrast, a ‘good person' in individualist cultures is more assertive and strong, characteristics helpful for competing. Asian members rate happiness and life satisfaction on the lower end of the scale. They do not think of their life as being happy or sad, satisfying or dissatisfying it just is what it is.Believing emotional feelings are te mporary they live in the now rather then wanting more for tomorrow. In Asian cultures, regard how others view you and necessary related to how they view themselves. Positive feelings occur when pleasing others, fulfilling social expectations. Achieving goals that enhance interdependence is directly related to happiness in collectivist cultures. For Americans positive feelings are strongly related to goal achievement. Achieving goals enhances our independence giving us a sense of pride and accomplishment.That feeling is important to Americans in reaching happiness promoting mutual trust and support in relationships is directly related to happiness and well being within the Asian culture. In individualistic cultures, a shared belief in the importance of feeling good about oneself promotes self-enhancement and social exchanges characterized by mutual approval and praise. Considering the wide ranging influence of culture on peoples feelings, thought, and behaviors (Markus ;amp; Kitayama , 1991), different types of persuasive messages may very well influence people differently in cultures as distinct as north America and east Asia.

Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples Options

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